Retinal Periphlebitis May Be a Marker for Subphenotype in Multiple Sclerosis.

Retinal periphlebitis (RPP) is a long-known entity in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and has not been revisited in the context of recent developments in MS pathogenesis and heterogeneity. We present six cases of RPP in three female and three male MS patients. They all have relapsing-remitting MS and did not have or had minor ocular symptoms. It is important to perform a thorough retinal examination in patients with MS, as peripheral and sectorial lesions could be unseen. A better knowledge on the concomitant involvement of retinal veins contributes to the understanding of immunopathology, with potentially distinct autoantigenic targets. RPP might serve as a subphenotype marker that may influence treatment choices in MS. Further research is needed.

The risk of harm whilst waiting for varicose veins procedure.

INTRODUCTION: Varicose veins (VV) negatively impact quality of life (QoL) and have risks of major complications including bleeding, ulceration and phlebitis. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the VSGBI (Vascular Society of Great Britain and Ireland) and GIRFT (Get It Right First Time) classified VVs as lowest priority for intervention. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine harm caused and the impact on the QoL on patients waiting for their VVs procedures for more than 1 year. METHODS: This was a prospective study conducted at the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital (NNUH). Patients with VVs awaiting intervention for >1 year were included in the study. Patients with CEAP C6 disease were considered to be too high risk to be invited for treatment during the Covid-19 pandemic. Patients were sent QoL questionnaires and underwent a telephone consultation to assess harm. Both generic (EQ-VAS and EQ-5D) and disease-specific (AVVQ and CIVIQ-14) instruments were utilised. There were no control groups available for comparison. RESULTS: 275 patients were identified (37.1% male) with median time on waiting list of 60 weeks (IQR 56-65). 19 patients (6.9%) came to major harm, including phlebitis (3.6%), bleeding (1.8%) and ulceration (1.8%). Fifty-two patients (18.9%) had minor harm, including worsening pain (12.7%) and swelling (6.2%). 6.9% reported psychological harm. Rising CEAP stage was also associated with worsening level of harm in patients with C5-6 disease (p < 0.0001). Only 8.7% stated they would decline surgery during the pandemic. 104 QoL questionnaires were returned. Median EQ-VAS and EQ-5D was 75 (IQR: 60-85) and 0.685 (0.566-0.761), respectively. Median AVVQ score was 23.2 (14.9-31.0) and CIVIQ-14 score was 33 (21-44).ConclusionsThis study highlights the impact of delaying VVs surgery during a pandemic. A significant rate of both major and minor as well as psychological harm was reported. In addition, VVs had a significant detriment to quality of life.

Presence of Phlebitis in Aseptic Nasal Septal Abscess Complicated with Ulcerative Colitis; Possible Association with Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis: A Case Report.

Although nasal septal abscesses are uncommon, their cosmetic complications can be severe. Hence, prompt diagnosis and treatment are important. Here, we report a case of aseptic nasal septal abscess in a patient with proteinase 3-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (PR3-ANCA)-positive ulcerative colitis (UC), in which phlebitis was observed and granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) might co-exist. A 27-year-old female suffered from intermittent abdominal pain and diarrhea for several years. She visited our hospital complaining of worsening swelling and pain in the middle forehead and fever lasting 2 weeks. Physical examination and computed tomography revealed severe swelling of the nasal septum. The patient was diagnosed with nasal septal abscess, and incision drainage and biopsy from the bilateral nasal septum were performed, which showed severe ulcerative neutrophilic mucositis with phlebitis. Simultaneously, blood examination yielded slight positivity for PR3-ANCA. Colonoscopy, including biopsy, revealed severe inflammation without vasculitis nor granuloma, which led to the diagnosis with PR3-ANCA-positive UC. Phlebitis in the nasal mucosa and elevated PR3-ANCA suggested co-existing GPA; hence, she was treated with glucocorticoids and rituximab. Following treatment, the nasal septal abscess and digestive symptoms disappeared. She was discharged on day 25 without symptom recurrence or major nasal deformity. For the prevention of nasal deformity due to persistent inflammation, prompt administration of immunosuppressive therapy should be considered with adequate evaluations for systemic diseases, including UC and GPA.

Efeitos adversos locorregionais da terapêutica oncológica em mulheres com câncer de mama avançado: revisão integrativa / Efectos adversos locorregionales de la terapia oncológica en mujeres con cáncer de mama avanzado: una revisión integradora / Locoregional adverse effects of cancer therapy in women with advanced breast cancer: an integrative review

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar os efeitos adversos locorregionais da administração da terapêutica oncológica endovenosa em mulheres com câncer de mama avançado. Metodo: revisão integrativa da literatura, que utilizou as bases de dados PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, LILACS e EMBASE, sem recorte temporal, além de busca reversa dos artigos selecionados, atualizada até maio de 2022 A população contemplou mulheres com câncer de mama avançado submetidas à intervenção com terapêutica oncológica endovenosa com quimioterapia ou hormonioterapia ou anticorpo monoclonal, e o desfecho avaliou efeitos adversos locorregionais Resultados: identificaram-se 2.789 estudos, e a amostra final foi composta por 8 ensaios clínicos e 1 estudo observacional retrospectivo, sendo todos estudos internacionais e publicados no período de 1986 a 2018. Predominantemente, as pacientes tinham câncer de mama em estádio IV, idade de 50 anos ou mais e múltiplas metástases. Os efeitos adversos locorregionais foram: flebite, ulceração e/ou necrose, dor, eritema e reação no local da injeção não especificada. Os estudos não trazem detalhamento do tipo de cateter venoso, osmolaridade dos fármacos e cuidados preventivos para diminuição desses efeitos adversos. Conclusão: as evidências desses artigos mostraram que os efeitos adversos locorregionais estão presentes em estudos de eficácia dos fármacos oncológicos em mulheres com câncer de mama avançado. No entanto, destaca-se que a segurança da administração dos fármacos oncológicos não se apresenta elucidada nessa revisão, indicando necessidade de estudos de acompanhamento dos efeitos adversos.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificación de los efectos adversos locorregionales de la administración de la terapia oncológica intravenosa en mujeres con cáncer de mama avanzado. Método: revisión bibliográfica integradora, que utilizó las bases de datos PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, LILACS y EMBASE, sin corte de tiempo, además de una búsqueda inversa de los artículos seleccionados, actualizada hasta mayo de 2022 La población incluyó mujeres con cáncer de mama avanzado, sometidas a intervención con terapia oncológica endovenosa con quimioterapia u hormonoterapia o anticuerpo monoclonal y el resultado evaluó los efectos adversos locorregionales Resultados: se identificaron 2.789 estudios y la muestra final se compuso de ocho ensayos clínicos, un estudio observacional retrospectivo, todos estudios internacionales, publicados desde 1986 hasta 2018. Predominantemente, las pacientes tenían cáncer de mama en estadio IV, edad de 50 años o más y metástasis múltiples. Los efectos adversos locorregionales fueron flebitis, ulceración y/o necrosis, dolor, eritema y reacción en el lugar de la inyección no especificada. Los estudios no detallan el tipo de catéter venoso, la osmolaridad de los fármacos y los cuidados preventivos para reducir estos efectos adversos. Conclusión: las pruebas de estos artículos mostraron que los efectos adversos locorregionales están presentes en los estudios de eficacia de los fármacos oncológicos en mujeres con cáncer de mama avanzado. Sin embargo, cabe destacar que la seguridad de la administración de los fármacos contra el cáncer no se dilucida en esta revisión, lo que indica la necesidad de realizar estudios de seguimiento sobre los efectos adversos.

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify the locoregional adverse effects of administering intravenous oncologic therapy in women with advanced breast cancer. Method: this was an integrative literature review using the PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, LILACS, and EMBASE databases, without a time cut, in addition to a reverse search of the selected articles updated until May 2022. The population included women with advanced breast cancer undergoing intervention with intravenous oncologic therapy with chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or monoclonal antibody, and the outcome assessed locoregional adverse effects. Results: 2,789 studies were identified, and the final sample consisted of 8 clinical trials and 1 retrospective observational study, all of which were international studies published from 1986 to 2018. Predominantly, patients with stage IV breast cancer, were aged 50 years or older, and had multiple metastases. Locoregional adverse effects were phlebitis, ulceration and/or necrosis, pain, erythema, and unspecified injection site reaction. The studies did not detail the type of venous catheter, the osmolarity of the drugs, and preventive care to reduce these adverse effects. Conclusion: the evidence from these articles showed that locoregional adverse effects are present in efficacy research of oncologic drugs in women with advanced breast cancer. Nonetheless, the safety of administering cancer drugs is not elucidated in this review, indicating the need for follow-up studies of adverse effects.

Hepatic Secondary Syphilis Can Cause a Variety of Histologic Patterns and May Be Negative for Treponeme Immunohistochemistry.

The rate of syphilis in the United States has been increasing steadily in the past decade, but it remains an uncommon diagnosis in tissue biopsies. Most of the pathology literature on hepatic syphilis consists of older series or case reports. This study aimed to systematically characterize the histologic spectrum of hepatic syphilis in a contemporary cohort. Clinicopathologic features of 14 hepatic syphilis cases between 2012 and 2018 were analyzed to characterize the broad spectrum of histologic changes. Thirteen patients were men (age range: 19 to 59 y); 6 had known human immunodeficiency virus, 7 were men known to have sex with men, and no patient had known prior syphilis. Hepatic syphilis was the primary clinical suspicion in only 1 patient. Common symptoms included jaundice, rash, and abdominal pain. Thirteen had elevated transaminases, and 12 had elevated alkaline phosphatase. Pathologic changes were grouped into 5 histologic patterns: biliary-pattern injury (n=5), acute hepatitis (n=4), autoimmune hepatitis-like (n=1), fibroinflammatory mass-forming lesion (n=2), and no particular pattern (n=2). Nearly all showed portal and lobular lymphocytes and plasma cells; 12 had prominent histiocytes/Kupffer cells, 9 had ductular reaction, and 7 had duct inflammation. Occasional focal findings included dropout (n=7), phlebitis (n=7), and loose granulomata (n=5). Treponeme immunohistochemistry was positive in 10 and negative in 4, though treatment was given before biopsy in 3 of those 4. Thirteen patients had rapid plasma reagin testing either before or after biopsy, with 1:64 or higher titer. All patients who received treatment recovered. Hepatic syphilis is rare but likely underrecognized. It exhibits a variety of histologic appearances and therefore should be considered in several hepatic differential diagnoses, especially in men who have sex with men. Kupffer cells, granulomata, and phlebitis may suggest the diagnosis regardless of predominant histologic pattern. Negative treponeme immunohistochemical staining does not exclude the diagnosis, including in untreated patients.

Partial hepatectomy for treatment of multiple liver abscess in a calf: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Umbilical vein bacterial infections may cause liver abscesses during bacterial ascent. A single liver abscess can be surgically treated by marsupialization, but a risk of recurrence or non-healing remains. Moreover, there is no effective treatment for multiple abscesses. CASE PRESENTATION: A 17-day-old Holstein female calf exhibited reduced general condition, swelling and drainage of the umbilicus, and pressure sores in the area of the carpus, resulting in reluctance to stand up. The umbilicus showed pain at palpation; deep abdominal palpation indicated a swollen umbilical vein coursing from the umbilicus toward the liver. Ultrasonography confirmed a swollen umbilical vein with pus accumulation and multiple abscesses in the liver. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) examination confirmed that the swollen umbilical vein with fluid continued to the liver, and multiple unenhanced lesions, most likely abscesses, were confirmed in the liver. Partial hepatectomy was performed to remove as many abscesses as possible. For the resection, a vessel sealing device (LigaSureTM) was used to excise a part of the left liver lobe. As we could not remove all the abscesses in the liver during the operation, cefazolin sodium (5 mg/kg) was administered for 14 days after surgery. Post-operatively, blood accumulation was observed in the abdominal cavity, but no signs of peritonitis were found. The calf returned to the farm on day 38 after surgery. Follow-up information was obtained after 1 year, and complications were not reported. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first report of partial hepatectomy using a vessel sealing device for a calf with multiple liver abscesses. This case report suggests that the combination of partial hepatectomy and long-term administration of antibacterial drugs may restore the health of calves with multiple liver abscesses.

Eventos adversos associados ao uso de cateteres venosos periféricos: estudo longitudinal prospectivo / Adverse events associated with the use of catheters peripheral venous: prospective longitudinal study

Introdução: A temática do estudo é segurança na terapia infusional, tendo como foco os eventos adversos locais associados ao manejo de cateteres venosos periféricos pela equipe de enfermagem. A equipe de enfermagem é uma das principais responsáveis pela prática da terapia infusional, compreendendo os cuidados pertinentes à prática de inserção e manutenção dos cateteres venosos periféricos, tendo também papel diferenciador no processo de prevenção e mitigação da ocorrência de incidentes e erros provenientes dessa assistência. Problema do estudo: existe relação entre a ocorrência de eventos adversos locais e o manejo dos cateteres venosos periféricos? Objetivo geral: Analisar a ocorrência de eventos adversos e a associação com o manejo dos cateteres venosos periféricos conforme recomenda às melhores evidências científicas; Objetivos específicos: descrever o manejo dos cateteres venosos periféricos em uma unidade de internação cirúrgica; identificar a ocorrência de eventos adversos associados ao uso dos cateteres venosos periféricos; e verificar a associação entre a ocorrência de eventos adversos com o manejo dos cateteres venosos periféricos. Metodologia: Estudo observacional, quantitativo, longitudinal, prospectivo e analítico. Local da pesquisa foi um Hospital Universitário Federal localizado no município do Rio de Janeiro. A população foram os pacientes internados em uma unidade de internação cirúrgica em uso de cateter venoso periférico, selecionados a partir dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão estabelecidos. Instrumento de coleta de dados foi um formulário do tipo Checklist como roteiro de observação sistematizada e estruturada, com variáveis que contemplam o manejo do cateter venoso periférico, conforme orienta as melhores evidências científicas. Foram observados diariamente o manejo de 114 cateteres inseridos em 58 pacientes. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva e inferencial, com a utilização do software Statistical Package for the Social Science®, e discutidos com base nas melhores evidências científicas. Os resultados evidenciados mostraram que a incidência acumulada global de evento adverso foi de 61,4%. Ocorrem no período médio de 15,4 até 70,6 horas após a inserção do cateter. A média global do tempo de sobrevivência do CVP até a ocorrência dos EA, estimadas pelo método de Kaplan-Meier, foi de 64,1 horas, ou seja, estima-se que o paciente permaneça esse tempo em média, sem apresentar qualquer EA. O principal motivo para a remoção dos cateteres foi eletivo (27,2%), seguido de eventos adversos. Obstrução do cateter e flebite são os eventos adversos mais incidentes, sendo a incidência acumulada global de obstrução do cateter de 26,3%; a de flebite, de 26,3%; e infiltração foi verificada em 16,7%. Dentre os fatores de risco identificados neste estudo que predizem o desfecho dos EA locais, destacaram-se flebite associada com o ato de tocar o local da punção após realizar a antissepsia (p-valor=0,009 do teste χ2; OR 3,5 IC 1,3- 9,1); não aspirar o cateter (p-valor=0,004 do teste χ2; OR 7,0 IC 1,6-31,5); não utilizar máscara na manutenção (p-valor=0,003 do teste χ2), dentre as manutenções que tiveram o uso de máscara em todas as manutenções a incidência de flebite foi 0,0%; e não realizar pressão positiva na lavagem do cateter (p-valor=0,002 do teste χ2; OR 4,2 IC 1,6-10,8). Obstrução se mostrou mais incidente em cateteres inseridos em veias no dorso da mão, com 35,3% dos CVP. A infiltração tem mais chances de ocorrer quando administrado o antimicrobiano Cefazolina (p-valor=0,029 do teste exato de Fisher; OR 4,4 IC 1,2-15,9) e quando o flushing foi forçado (quando havia resistência na permeabilidade do CVP) (p-valor<0,001 do teste χ2; OR 7,4 IC 2,4-22,5). Conclui-se que a prática assistencial dos profissionais de enfermagem no manejo dos cateteres venosos periféricos está fortemente associada com a ocorrência de eventos adversos, que são considerados fatores modificáveis e preveníveis com boas práticas de manejo.

Introduction: The theme of the study is safety in infusional therapy, focusing on local adverse events associated with the practice of handling peripheral venous catheters by the nursing team. The nursing team is one of the main responsible for the practice of infusional therapy, comprising the care pertinent to the practice of insertion and maintenance of peripheral venous catheters, also having a differentiating role in the process of preventing and mitigating the occurrence of incidents and errors arising from this assistance. Study problem: Is there an association between the occurrence of local adverse events and the handling of peripheral venous catheters? General objective: To analyze the occurrence of adverse events and the association with the management of peripheral venous catheters as recommended by the best scientific evidence; Specific objectives: to describe the handling of peripheral venous catheters in a surgical hospitalization unit; to identify the occurrence of adverse events associated with the use of peripheral venous catheters; and to verify the association between the occurrence of adverse events and the practice of handling peripheral venous catheters. Method: Observational, quantitative, longitudinal, prospective, and analytical study. The research site was a Federal University Hospital located in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The population consisted of patients admitted to a surgical inpatient unit using a peripheral venous catheter, selected from the established inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data collection instrument was a Checklist type form as a systematic and structured observation script, with variables that contemplate the practice of handling the peripheral venous catheter, as guided by the best scientific evidence. The handling of 114 catheters inserted in 58 patients was observed daily. The handling of 114 catheters inserted in 58 patients was observed daily. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics through the Statistical Package for the Social Science® software and discussed based on the best scientific evidence. The evidenced results showed that the general accumulated incidence of adverse event was 61.4%. They occur in the average period of 15.4 to 70.6 hours after insertion of the catheter. The global average of the PVC survival time until the occurrence of the AE, estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method, was 64.1 hours. Then, it is estimated that the patient remains for this time without presenting any AE. The main reason for removing the catheters was elective (27.2%), followed by adverse events. Catheter obstruction and phlebitis are the most incident adverse events, with the general cumulative incidence of catheter obstruction being 26.3%; of phlebitis, it was 26.3%; and the infiltration was observed in 16.7%. Among the risk factors identified in this study that predict the outcome of local AE, the following stand out: phlebitis associated with the act of touching the puncture site after performing antisepsis (p-value = 0.009 of the test χ2; OR 3.5 IC 1 , 3- 9,1); not performing catheter aspiration (p-value = 0.004 of the test χ2; OR 7.0 CI 1.6-31.5); not using a mask for maintenance (p-value = 0.003 of the test χ2), among the maintenance that had the use of a mask in all of them, the incidence of phlebitis was 0.0%; and when the positive pressure technique is not performed when washing the catheter (p-value = 0.002 of the test χ2; OR 4.2 CI 1.6-10.8). The obstruction was more prevalent in catheters inserted in veins on the back of the hand, with 35.3% of PVC. Infiltration is more likely to occur when the antimicrobial Cefazolin is administered (p-value = 0.029 of Fisher's exact test; OR 4.4 IC 1.2-15.9) and when flushing was forced (when there was resistance in the permeability of the PVC) (p-value <0.001 of the χ2 test; OR 7.4 CI 2.4-22.5). We conclude that the care practice of nursing professionals in the handling of peripheral venous catheters is strongly associated with the occurrence of adverse events, which are considered modifiable and preventable factors through good handling practices.

Introducción: El tema del estudio es la seguridad en la terapia de infusión, enfocándose en los eventos adversos locales asociados al manejo de catéteres venosos periféricos por parte del equipo de enfermería. El equipo de enfermería es uno de los principales responsables de la práctica de la terapia infusional, comprendiendo los cuidados pertinentes a la práctica de inserción y mantenimiento de catéteres venosos periféricos, teniendo además un papel diferenciador en el proceso de prevención y mitigación de la ocurrencia de incidencias y errores derivados de esta asistencia. Problema de estudio: ¿existe relación entre la aparición de eventos adversos locales y el manejo de catéteres venosos periféricos? Objetivo general: Analizar la ocurrencia de eventos adversos y la asociación con el manejo de catéteres venosos periféricos según lo recomendado por la mejor evidencia científica; Objetivos específicos: describir el manejo de catéteres venosos periféricos en una unidad de hospitalización quirúrgica; identificar la ocurrencia de eventos adversos asociados con el uso de catéteres venosos periféricos; y verificar la asociación entre la ocurrencia de eventos adversos y el manejo de catéteres venosos periféricos. Metodología: Estudio observacional, cuantitativo, longitudinal, prospectivo y analítico. El sitio de investigación fue un Hospital Universitario Federal ubicado en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro. La población estuvo constituida por pacientes ingresados en una unidad de internación quirúrgica mediante catéter venoso periférico, seleccionados a partir de los criterios de inclusión y exclusión establecidos. El instrumento de recolección de datos fue un formulario tipo Lista de verificación como un guión de observación sistemático y estructurado, con variables que contemplan el manejo del catéter venoso periférico, guiado por la mejor evidencia científica. Se observó diariamente el manejo de 114 catéteres insertados en 58 pacientes. Los datos fueron analizados usando estadística descriptiva e inferencial, usando el software Statistical Package for the Social Science®, y discutidos con base en la mejor evidencia científica. Los resultados evidenciados mostraron que la incidencia global acumulada de eventos adversos fue del 61,4%. Ocurren en el período promedio de 15,4 a 70,6 horas después de la inserción del catéter. La media global del tiempo de supervivencia de la PVC hasta la ocurrencia del EA, estimado por el método de Kaplan-Meier, fue de 64,1 horas, es decir, se estima que el paciente permanece en promedio, sin presentar ningún EA. La principal razón para retirar los catéteres fue electiva (27,2%), seguida de los eventos adversos. La obstrucción del catéter y la flebitis son los eventos adversos más incidentes, con una incidencia acumulada global de obstrucción del catéter del 26,3%; el de flebitis, 26,3%; y se observó infiltración en el 16,7%. Entre los factores de riesgo identificados en este estudio que predicen el resultado de EA local, la flebitis asociada al acto de tocar el sitio de punción después de realizar la antisepsia (valor de p = 0,009 de la prueba de χ²; OR 3,5 IC 1 , 3-9,1); no aspirar el catéter (valor p = 0,004 de la prueba de χ²; OR 7,0 IC 1,6-31,5); no usar mascarilla para mantenimiento (valor p = 0,003 de la prueba de χ²), entre los mantenimientos que tuvieron el uso de mascarilla en todo mantenimiento, la incidencia de flebitis fue de 0,0%; y no realizar presión positiva al lavar el catéter (valor p = 0,002 de la prueba de χ²; OR 4,2 IC 1,6-10,8). La obstrucción fue más prevalente en los catéteres insertados en las venas del dorso de la mano, con un 35,3% de PVC. Es más probable que se produzca infiltración cuando se administra el antimicrobiano cefazolina (valor de p = 0,029 de la prueba exacta de Fisher; OR 4,4 IC 1,2-15,9) y cuando el enjuague fue forzado (cuando hubo resistencia en la permeabilidad del CVP) (valor de p <0,001 de la prueba de χ²; OR 7,4 IC 2,4-22,5). Se concluye que la práctica asistencial de los profesionales de enfermería en el manejo de catéteres venosos periféricos está fuertemente asociada a la ocurrencia de eventos adversos, los cuales son considerados factores modificables y prevenibles con buenas prácticas de manejo.

Complicaciones relacionadas con la inserción y el mantenimiento del catéter venoso central de acceso periférico / Complications related to the insertion and maintenance of peripheral venous access central venous catheter

Objetivos: Evaluar las tasas y la naturaleza de las complicaciones relacionadas con el catéter venoso central de acceso periférico (CVCAP o PICC) desde su inserción hasta su retirada. Método: Estudio observacional prospectivo. Se han incluido a todos los pacientes con edad superior a 14 años a los que se les insertó un CVCAP en una unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) polivalente durante el año comprendido entre el 1 de mayo de 2015 al 30 de abril de 2016. Variables estudiadas: datos demográficos, vena de inserción, indicación, unidad de cuidado, duración, complicaciones y factores relacionados, tasa de infección y motivo de retirada. Resultados: Se insertaron 144 CVCAP, de los cuales 94 corresponden al grupo UCI (65,28%) y 50 (34,72%) al no-UCI. La complicación más importante fue la sospecha de infección: 17,36% (tasa de incidencia de 15,2 por 1.000 días de CVCAP). El total de infecciones confirmadas fue del 6,25% (5,5 por 1.000 días de CVCAP), siendo en el grupo UCI del 1,39% (1,2 por 1.000 días) y en el grupo no-UCI del 4,86% (4,2 por 1.000 días). Hubo 5 bacteriemias, todas en el grupo no-UCI (3 por 1.000 días). El germen más frecuente fue el Staphylococcus epidermidis (6 casos). La flebitis tuvo una incidencia del 9,03% (7,9 por 1.000 días de CVCAP). Conclusiones: El CVCAP, eficaz dispositivo de acceso venoso central debido a la mínima incidencia de riesgos en la implantación y a sus ventajas respecto a los catéteres venosos centrales clásicos, es una técnica enfermera más

Objective: To evaluate the rates and nature of the complications related to the Central Peripheral Access Catheter (CVCAP or PICC) from its insertion to its withdrawal. Methods: Prospective observational study. All patients older than 14 years of age with a PICC inserted in the polyvalent intensive care unit (ICU) during the period between May 1, 2015 and April 30, 2016 were included. Data collected included: demographic data, insertion details, reason for insertion and removal, maintenance unit, total dwell time, incidence of complications and related factors and infection rate. Results: 144 PICCs were inserted, of which 94 corresponded to the ICU group (65.28%) and 50 (34.72%) to the non-ICU group. The most important complication was the suspicion of infection: 17.36% (rate of 15.2 per 1000 days of PICC). The total number of confirmed infections was 6.25% (5.5 per 1000 days of PICC), 1.39% (1.2 per 1000 days) being in the ICU group and 4.86% (4.2 per 1000 days) in the non-ICU group. There were 5 bacteraemias, all in the non-ICU group (3 per 1000 days). The most frequent germ was Staphylococcus epidermidis (6 cases). Phlebitis had an incidence of 9.03% (7.9 per 1000 days of PICC). Conclusions: PICC, effective device for central venous access due to the minimal incidence of risks in implantation and to its advantages with regard to the classic central venous catheters, is a further nursing technique

[Clinical features of occult mastoiditis complicated with periphlcbitis of sigmoid sinus in children].

Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics and principle of treatment of occult mastoiditis accompanied with periphlcbitis of sigmoid sinus in pediatrics. Result:Four cases, with a short-time acute otitis media history, complained of headache / retroauricular pain, with papillary swelling, diagnosed as occult mastoiditis accompanied with periphlcbitis of sigmoid sinus according to the results of the temporal bone CT and MR. All of them had normal tympanic membrane, normal pure tone threshold, but type B tympanogram. CT scan of temporal bone showed soft tissue shadow of mastoid process, bone destruction of sigmoid sinus wall, and nuclear magnetic enhancement suggested cystic lesion behind mastoid process. With the usage of sufficient amount and anti-inflammatory antibiotics of permeable brain barrier, mastoidectomy were performed as early as possible. All the postoperative pathology showed inflammatory granulation, and no recurrence happened during the follow-up periods of 12-18 months. Conclusion:Intracranial complications in occult mastoiditis should be taken into account, with contemporary acute otitis media history, headache/retroauricular pain, and papillary swelling. Temporal bone image examination and hearing test should be done timely. Once the diagnosis was confirmed, on the basis of anti-infection treatment, the operation should be done as early as possible to to open the mastoid and improve the ventilation drainage of middle ear.

Optic nerve disc veins inflammation (papillophlebitis) - case report.

Papillophlebitis is an uncommon disease in clinical practice. We would like to present a case of a 29-year-old patient with atypical orbital pain and flashings, presenting relative afferent pupillary defect and already typical of the disease entity: ophthalmoscopic picture of the fundus and big blind spot in perimetry. We present a complex and interdisciplinary diagnostic process that excludes general diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, coagulation disorders and neurological causes. We leave the only identifiable abnormality and potential source in the inflammatory process of periodontal inflammation and sinus jaw changes. We also describe the process of remitting the changes and finally a favorable end result of the primarily a very disturbing clinical picture that this disease may present.

Severe Phlebitis Accompanying Vascular Rejection Type Acute T Cell-Mediated Rejection in Renal Transplantation.

PURPOSE: Renal transplant patients with vascular rejection type acute T cell-mediated rejection (ATCMR) grade II have a poor prognosis. Vascular lesions in those cases are thought to randomly occur, thus we searched for a novel pathological marker related to vascular rejection in kidney transplantation. METHODS: We determined pathological characteristics in 14 ATCMR grade II patients treated during an acute phase from 2004 to 2013. We then examined whether those findings appeared in transplant kidney biopsy specimens, except for cases of vascular rejection, in patients examined from 2010 to 2014. RESULTS: In 9 of the 14 ATCMR grade II patients, phlebitis was accompanied by inflammatory cells that formed polypoid projections in the venous lumen and partial disappearance of vascular endothelium. Further investigation showed those inflammatory cells to be T cells and macrophages. Histological findings revealed coexisting phlebitis in 2 of 13 patients with ATCMR grade I, 3 of 24 with borderline changes, and none with normal findings. Phlebitis occurred at a significantly greater rate than the other findings in cases of vascular rejection (P < .05). However, there was no significant difference in regard to graft survival between patients with and without phlebitis (P = .1829). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest severe phlebitis as a novel finding associated with the pathology of vascular rejection in patients with a renal allograft.

Peripheral venous catheter, a dangerous weapon. Key points to improve its use / Catéter venoso periférico, un arma peligrosa. Puntos clave para mejorar su uso

Catheter-related bacteremia is one of the most important causes of nosocomial infection. Is associated to high rates of morbidity and mortality, including an economic burden. Peripheral venous catheter bacteremia is a leading cause of nosocomial infection in internal medicine departments. In this article, we review some important key points to improve its use and avoid infections (AU)

La bacteriemia relacionada con el uso de catéteres venosos es una de las principales causas de infección nosocomial que se asocia a importante morbilidad, mortalidad e incremento del gasto sanitario. El catéter venoso periférico es una causa importante de bacteriemia nosocomial en los servicios y/o unidades médicas. En este artículo revisamos los aspectos más importantes de su uso que pueden contribuir a prevenir la infección relacionada con estos catéteres periféricos (AU)

Disabling Outcomes After Peripheral Vascular Catheter Insertion in a Newborn Patient: A Case of Medical Liability?

BACKGROUND The positioning of peripheral venous catheters (PVC) is an invasive procedure commonly performed in pediatrics hospital wards to obtain vascular access for the administration of fluids, medications and other intravenous (IV) therapies. Many studies exist about management of peripheral venous access in adults. On the contrary, scientific evidence on the management of this procedure in children and newborns, especially regarding the optimal duration of infusion and the possible related side effects, is still poor. To minimize the risk of phlebitis, the guidelines of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggest the replacement of the catheter every 72-96 hours in adult patients, while in pediatric patients the catheter can remain in place for the entire duration of the IV therapy, unless complications arise. CASE REPORT In the presented case, after the positioning of a PVC in a newborn, no clear signs/symptoms of phlebitis were registered before the sixth day and, despite the immediate removal of the catheter, the thrombotic process, secondary to phlebitis, was already occurring, causing serious and permanent disabling outcomes, susceptible to legal medical evaluation and financial compensation. CONCLUSIONS The knowledge of this case is particularly interesting to clinicians working in the field of neonatal care and to clinical risk management services inside hospital structures, since similar cases may be the source of requests for extremely high financial compensations due to medical liability.

Incidencia de flebitis asociada a catéteres centrales de inserción periférica en UCI adultos: implementación de un protocolo para enfermería / Phlebitis incidence associated to peripherally inserted central catheters in adults ICU: implementation of a nursing protocol

Justificación: La flebitis es una de las complicaciones mas frecuentes de los Catéteres Centrales de Inserción Periférica. La evidencia científica sobre la utilidad de las escalas de medición para el diagnostico de flebitis es escasa. Objetivos: Comparar la incidencia de flebitis antes y después de la implementación de un protocolo. Material y métodos: Estudio de cohortes retrospectivo en 159 pacientes ingresados en UCI, a los que se les ha colocado un PICC, en dos periodos equivalentes de dos años consecutivos, Periodo 1 (n=59); frente a un grupo del Periodo 2 (n=100) en el que se aplicó un nuevo protocolo para el diagnóstico y manejo de flebitis (definición de flebitis, aplicación de la Visual Infusion Phlebitis Score y valoración continua). Resultados: El riesgo de ser diagnosticado de flebitis fue significativamente menor en el P2 (OR: 0.09, I.C.95% 0.01-0.52) Conclusiones: La incorporación del protocolo redujo un 90% los diagnósticos de flebitis (AU)

Phlebitis incidence related to peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs): New nursing protocol application. Phlebitis is one of the most common complications of peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs). The scientific evidence about the utility of measuring scales to phlebitis diagnosis is very limited. Objectives: To compare phlebitis incidence rate before and after the introduction of a new protocol. Materials and Methods: Retrospective cohort study in 159 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for two years. First we assess phlebitis in 59 patients (group 1). After that we apply a new protocol to identify phlebitis with visual score and continuous evaluation to 100 patients (group 2) Results: The probability of being diagnosed of phlebitis is significantly smaller in intervention group (OR: 0.09; 95% C.I.: 0.02-0.57). Conclusions: Protocol application reduced the diagnosis of phlebitis in 90% (AU)

La importancia de la trombosis venosa superficial. A propósito de un caso / The importance of superficial venous thrombosis: Presentation of a case

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